There is no consensus on basic definitions — what constitutes “heat therapy” versus “heat acclimation” versus “heat stress” varies from study to study. Modality terminology is inconsistent; results from traditional sauna, infrared sauna, and water immersion are used interchangeably.
Study designs vary widely. Reporting of population characteristics and intervention parameters — temperature, humidity, duration, frequency, and session structure — is not standardized. Outcome measures are heterogeneous. Most studies remain small (fewer than 40 participants), and more than 40% did not have a control group.
This makes it difficult to compare findings, conduct meaningful meta-analyses, or build the evidence base that would allow sauna and heat therapy to be integrated into mainstream preventive medicine and clinical guidelines.